Archive-name: table-tennis/1_intro-laws
Version: 12.0
rec.sport.table-tennis answers to Frequently Asked Questions and other
news, posted monthly, now in mail folder digest format. New items preceded
with +:
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.1. Table of Contents:
================================
1.1. Table of Contents
1.1.1 Where can I get a copy of this FAQ?
1.1.2 What ftp sites are there for table tennis gifs?
1.1.3 Where can I get a copy of the new USATT logo?
1.1.4 Where are the minutes of the USATT Executive Committee?
1.2. Terminology
1.3. USATT "Laws of Table Tennis"
1.4. USATT Fees
+ 2.1. USATT-approved Equipment Suppliers
+ 2.1.1 USATT-approved Equipment List
2.1.2 What other Equipment Suppliers are there?
2.2. Where can I call Toll-FREE? (within USA)
2.3. Where to get FREE tournament Software?
2.4. How to become an UMPIRE?
2.4.1 Club Umpire Qualifications
2.4.2 How to become a Regional UMPIRE?
2.5. What email mailing lists are there?
+ 2.6. What WWW sites are there?
2.7. USATT-Affiliated Newsletter July 1994
+ 2.8. Tournament Schedule/USATT
3.1. How long is a 11 pt game?
3.1.1 table "Probability of winning match"
3.2. What are Handicap Events?
3.2.1 How does USATT Rating system works?
3.2.2 What is the probablility of winning?
3.2.3 Handicap Charts
3.3. Canadian TTA to USATT rating conversion chart
3.4. Does it matter who serve first?
3.5. What is Speedglue?
3.5.1 First Press Release Statement on Speedglue Ban
3.5.2 What speedglue are ITTF-approved?
+ 3.6. ITTF/ETTU RANK list (use ISO8859-1 Latin font)
3.6.1 MEN RANK [95FEB]
3.6.2 WOMEN RANK [94SEP]
4.1. USATT Club Handbook
+ 5.1. USATT-affiliated club directory
5.1.1 club profiles
6.1. USATT Handbook
6.1.1 Constitution
6.1.2 By-Laws
6.1.3 Tournaments
6.1.4 International Team Regulations
6.1.5 Ratings
6.1.6 INDEX
7.1. ITTF RULES 1991-93
7.1.1 1: Constitution
7.1.2 2: Disciplinary Regulations
7.1.3 3: The Laws of Table Tennis
7.1.4 4: Regulations for International Competitions
7.1.5 5: Regulations for World Championships
7.1.6 6: Regulations for Other World Title Competitons
7.1.7 Directives: Match Officials at Wld Title Competitions
7.2. New ITTF Rules
8.1. ITTF Directory of Associations
8.1.1 Applicant Associations
8.1.2 Suspended Associations
8.1.3 Associations in contact
Send comments, suggestions, contributions, revisions and criticisms
regarding this FAQ list via e-mail to:
ttennis@bu.edu
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.1.1 WHERE CAN I GET A COPY OF THIS FAQ?
==================================================
Now these FAQs are formatted as mail archives and can be managed with ease
via your favorite mail program. Retrieve by anonymous FTP or gopher
crsa.bu.edu 7000 from:
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/1_intro-laws
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/2_USATT-news-misc
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/3_game-misc
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/4_club-handbook
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/5_club-directory
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/6_USATT-handbook
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/7_ITTF-rules
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/faq/8_ITTF-dir-of-assn
By anonymous ftp from
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/table-tennis/
ftp://plaza.aarnet.edu.au/usenet/FAQs/rec.sport.table-tennis/
ftp://athene.uni-paderborn.de/doc/FAQ/rec.sport.table-tennis/
ftp://walton.maths.tcd.ie/news/news.answers/table-tennis/
ftp://svin02.info.win.tue.nl/pub/usenet/news.answers/table-tennis/
ftp://lth.se/pub/netnews/news.answers/table-tennis/
ftp://ftp.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/FAQ/table-tennis/
By tin, rn, trn from:
news://rec.sport.table-tennis
By email from:
mailto:ttennis@bu.edu
For rec.sport.table-tennis posting stats:
ftp://ftp.univ-lyon1.fr/pub/usenet-stats/groups/rec/rec.sport.table-tennis
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.1.2 WHAT FTP SITES ARE THERE FOR TABLE TENNIS GIFs?
==============================================================
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/pictures
From lrhose@mrccos.com Mon Mar 7 08:56:00 1994
Subject: 1.1.3 Where can i get a copy of the new USATT Logo?
============================================================
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/usatt/usatt_co.cdr
This is a color version of USA Table Tennis' new logo. It is in
CorelDraw v. 3.0 format. If you have any requests for other formats
and can't read Corel information, E-Mail me at lrose@mrccos.com, and
I'll add to this ftp site.
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/usatt/usatt-logo.eps
This is an encapsulated postscript of USA Table Tennis's new logo, provided
by neidorff@UICC.COM Mon Mar 7 18:40:53 1994.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.1.4 Where are the minutes of the USATT Executive Committee?
======================================================================
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/usatt/ecdec93.min
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/usatt/ecfeb94.min
ftp://crsa.bu.edu/pub/lnitt/usatt/ecsep93.min
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.2. Terminology
==========================
(From: ""Alexander J. Chien""
Date: Tue, 23 Feb 1993 11:50:24 -0500)
Backspin: Same as underspin.
Bat: Same as racket.
Blade: See 1.3.USATT Rules section 4
Block: Usually a topspin shot performed to counter another topspin shot,
namely, to counter a loop. This stroke is executed very close to
the table, often before the top of the bounce of the ball. The
blocker usually just angles his blade so that the ball goes back to
the other side of the table. He utilizes the opponents speed and
spin to put the ball back.
Chop: A chop is a heavy underspin shot. I it usually executed away from
the table and below the tabletop. A chop forces the ball to drop
downwards when it hits an opponents paddle.
Drive: The basic topspin shot executed close to the table. Also called a
counter, counterdrive, or smash.
Drop shot: Short placement - very close to the net. A key point in making
a drop shot is to not allow the ball to fall off the table
after the first bounce. i.e. Drop shots should bounce at least
twice on the opponents side of the table before falling off.
Flick: Also called flip. A topspin shot generated over the table close to
the net, usually with the power generated only from the upper arm
or the wrist. Used to start offense on a short ball.
Flip: Same as twirl. Second definition of Flick.
ITTF: International Table Tennis Federation, founded 1926, is the world
governing body of the sport, and its members are the table tennis
Associations of more than 140 countries; headquarter at 53 London
Rd, St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex TN34 6AY, England, UK.
Junk: Rubber that produce no spin, such as anti-spin and long-pips.
Let: See 1.3. USATT Rules section 10 & 5.2
Lob: Usually used when in the player is in the backcourt in a defensive
situation. The player hits the ball as high as he can - usually with
a combination of topspin and sidespin. The deeper the ball lands on
the table, the more difficult it will be for his opponent to smash.
Loop: The shot that currently dominates the sport. This is an extreme
topspin shot. One the Mazunov brothers (russia) won a spin
competition being 'clocked' at 9000 rpm. A loop, when exectued
properly can curve in the air as a curveball does in baseball. This
curve allows the player to hit the ball harder and still rely on the
spin of the ball to cause the ball to dive down onto the table.
Also, a loop will 'skip' on the table top taking sharp changes in
directions. A loop will also tend to 'pop' upwards when it strikes
the opponents racket. The opponent has to deal with 1) a curving
ball, 2) a ball that changes directions when it hits the table, and
3) a ball that will jump off his racket unpredictably unless he
compensates for spin. A loop will also counter heavy spin (topspin
or underspin) from an opponent. It can be executed above or below
the tabletop, close or far away from the table.
Paddle: Same as racket.
Point: See 1.3. USATT Rules section 11 & 5.3
Ping Pong: an American table tennis equipment trademark, often referred to
the game of table tennis by the general public.
Push: A push is an underspin shot executed over the table, and usually
close to the net. This is a passive shot that is used when it is
impossible to attack a ball.
Racket: See 1.3. USATT Rules section 4
Reglue: See speedglue.
Rubber: See 1.3. USATT Rules section 4.5
Sidespin: Spin placed on a ball to allow it to curve left or right in the
air. Usually utilized in combination with the topspin of a loop.
Speedglue: See 3.4. Speedglue.
Spin: The rotation of a ball.
Topspin: Spin placed on a ball to allow it to curve down onto the table.
Twiddle: Same as twirl.
Twirl: Turning of the paddle, used for confusing opponents on which side
of the paddle is being used. Not as deceptive now due to the two
color law, namely black on one side and bright red on the other
side. Usually utilized with combination bat.
USATT: United States of America Table Tennis (formerly the United States
Table Tennis Association), founded and ITTF-affiliated in 1933, is
US' national governing body for the sport, and its backbone is the
300 affiliated clubs, whose membership ranges from 8-500 players.
Individual USATT membership with subscription to Table Tennis Today
can be purchased from USATT-sanctioned tournaments or affiliated
clubs for $20/yr, $35/2yrs, $50/5yrs, or directly from the USATT
headquarter. See 1.3. USATT Rules for address.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Sat Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: 1.3. USATT Rules
=========================
USATT Rules of Table Tennis August 1994
T H E L A W O F T A B L E T E N N I S
a pamphlet prepared by the United States of America Table Tennis
US Olympic Complex, 1750 E Boulder St, Colorado Springs, CO 80909-5769
usatt@earth.usa.net FAX: 719/632-6071 Tel: 719/578-4583 InfoPack: 800/326-USTT
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 1. THE TABLE
1.1 The table shall be in surface rectangular, 274 cm (9 ft) in length,
152.5 cm (5 ft) in width. It shall be supported so that its upper
surface, termed the "playing surface," shall lie in a horizontal
plane 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) above the floor.
1.2 It shall be made of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce
of not less than 22 cm (8 3/4 in) and not more than 25 cm(9 3/4 in)
when a standard ball is dropped from a height of 30.5 cm (12 in)
above the surface.
1.3 The playing surface shall be dark colored, preferably dark green,
and matt, with a white line 2 cm (3/4 in) wide along each edge.
1.3.1 The lines along the 152.5 cm (5 ft) edges, or ends, shall be termed
"end lines."
1.3.2 The lines along the 274 cm (9 ft) edges, or sides, shall be termed
"side lines."
1.4 For doubles, the playing surface shall be divided into halves by a
white line 3 mm (1/8 in) wide, running parallel with the side lines,
termed the "center line"; permanent marking of the center line
shall not invalidate the table for singles play. The center line
shall be regarded as part of each right hand court.
1.5 The playing surface shall be considered to include the top edges
of the table, but not the sides of the table top below the edge.
1.6 Advertisements on tables are allowed only on the sides and ends of
the table top and each shall be contained within a total area on
any face of 200 so cm. Permanent advertisements are limited to the
maker's trademark, symbol, or name once on each half of a side, but
the organizing authority of a competition may grant permission for
other temporary advertisements, one on each side and one on each
end.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 2. THE NET
2.1 The playing surface shall be divided into two "courts" of equal
size by a vertical net running parallel to the end lines.
2.2 The net assembly shall consist of the net, its suspension, and the
supporting posts, including the clamps attaching them to the table.
2.3 The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an
upright post 15.25 cm. (6 in.) high, the outside limits of the post
being 15.25 cm. outside the side lines.
2.4 The net, with its suspension, shall be 183 cm (6 ft) long and its
top, along the whole length, shall be 15.25 cm (6 in) above the
playing surface; the bottom of the net, along its whole length,
shall be as close as possible to the playing surface and the ends
of the net shall be as close as possible to the supporting posts.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 3. THE BALL
3.1 The ball shall be spherical, with a diameter of 38 mm.
3.2 The ball shall weigh 2.5 grams.
3.3 The ball shall be made of celluloid or similar plastic material
and shall be white, yellow, or orange and matt.
3.4 The standard bounce required shall not be less than 23.5 cm (9 7/32
in) or more than 25.5 cm (10 3/8 in) when dropped from a height of
30.5 cm (12 in) on a specially designed steel block. These heights
are measured from the bottom of the ball.
3.4.1 The standard bounce required shall not be less than 22 cm (8 3/4
in) or more than 25 cm (9 3/4 in) when dropped from a height of
30.5 cm (12 in) on an approved table.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 4. THE RACKET
4.1 The racket may be of any size, shape or weight.
4.2 The blade shall be continuous, of even thickness, flat and rigid.
4.2.1 At least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood.
4.2.2 An adhesive layer within the blade may be reinforced with fibrous
material such as carbon fiber, glass fiber or compressed paper, but
shall not be thicker than 7.5% of the total thickness or 0.35 mm,
whichever is the smaller.
4.3 The visible surface of each side of the blade, whether used for
striking the ball or not, shall be uniformly dark colored and matt.
Any trimming or binding around the edge of the blade shall not be
either wholly or partly white or brightly reflecting.
4.4 A side of the blade used for striking the ball shall be covered
with either ordinary pimpled rubber with pimples outwards having a
total thickness including adhesive of not more than 2 mm or
sandwich rubber with pimples inwards or outwards having a total
thickness including adhesive of not more than 4 mm.
4.4.1 only adhesives that have been approved by the ittf for this purpose
may be used to attach the rubber to the blade.
4.4.2 after august 1, 1995, no adhesive that uses any solvent may be used
to attach the rubber to the blade.
4.5 definitions:
4.5.1 "ordinary pimpled rubber" is a single layer of non-cellular rubber,
natural or synthetic, with pimples evenly distributed over its
surface at a density of not less than 10 sq cm and not more than
50 sq cm.
4.5.2 "sandwich rubber" is a single layer of cellular rubber covered with
a single outer layer of ordinary pimpled rubber, the thickness of
the pimpled rubber not being more than 2 mm.
4.6 the covering material shall extend up to but not beyond the limits
of the blade, except that the part nearest the handle and gripped
by the fingers may be left uncovered or covered with any material
and may be considered part of the handle.
4.7 the blade, any layer within the blade and any layer of covering
material or adhesive shall be continuous and of even thickness.
4.8 the two surfaces of the racket blade shall be of clearly different
colors, namely black and bright red, as defined in the ittf
technical leaflets.
4.9 it is the responsibility of the player to ensure that the racket
covering can be identified as an authorized brand and type and that
the colors of the two surfaces of the blade are clearly
distinguishable under normal playing conditions.
4.10 subject to the requirements of 4.3 a side of the blade not intended
for striking the ball may be painted or covered with any material,
but if a player strikes the ball in play with a side of the blade
whose surface does not comply with the requirements of 4.4 - 4.9 he
shall lose a point.
4.11 slight deviations from uniformity or continuity of covering due to
fading, wear or accidental damage, may be ignored provided they do
not significantly change the characteristics of the surface.
4.12 at the start of a match and whenever he changes his racket during a
match, a player shall show his opponent and the umpire the racket
he is about to use and shall allow them to examine it.
from ttennis@bu.edu fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 5. definitions
5.1 a "rally" is the period during which the ball is in play.
5.2 a "let" is a rally of which the result is not scored.
5.3 a "point" is a rally of which the result is scored.
5.4 the "racket hand" is the hand carrying the racket.
5.5 the "free hand" is the hand not carrying the racket.
5.6 a player "strikes" the ball if he touches it with his racket, held
in the racket hand, or with his racket hand below the wrist.
5.7 a player "obstructs" the ball if he or anything he wears or
carries, touches it in play when has not passed over his court or
an imaginary extension of his end line, and where it has not
touched his court since last being struck by his opponent.
5.8 the "server" is the player due to strike the ball first in a rally.
5.9 the "receiver" is the player due to strike the ball second in a
rally.
5.10 the "umpire" is the person appointed to decide the results of each
rally.
5.11 The "Assistant Umpire" is the person appointed to assist the
umpire.
5.12 The stroke counter is the person appointed to count strokes under
the expedite system.
5.13 Anything that a player "wears or carries" includes anything that he
was wearing or carrying at the start of the rally.
5.14 The ball shall be regarded as passing "over or around" the net if
it passes under or outside the projection of the net assembly
outside the table or if, in a return, it is struck after it has
bounced back over the net.
5.15 The part of the playing surface nearest the server and to his right
shall be called the server's right hand court, and to his left the
server's left hand court. The part of the playing surface on the
other side of the net from the server and to his left of the center
line shall be called the receiver's right hand court, and on the
server's right the receiver's left hand court.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 6. THE ORDER OF PLAY
6.1 In singles, the server shall first make a good service, the
receiver shall then make a good return and, thereafter, server and
receiver alternately shall each make a good return.
6.2 In Doubles, the server shall first make a good service, the
receiver shall then make a good return, the partner of the server
shall then make a good return, the partner of the receiver shall
then make a good return and, thereafter, each player alternately in
that sequence shall make a good return.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 7. SERVICE
7.1 At the start of service, the ball shall rest freely on the open,
flat palm of the free hand and shall be stationary, above the level
of the playing surface, and behind the server's end line.
7.2 The ball and the racquet shall be above the level of the playing
surface and behind the end line of the server's court or an
imaginary extension thereof from the last moment at which the ball
is stationary on the palm of the free hand until the ball is struck
in service.
7.3 The server shall then project the ball near vertically upwards, by
hand only and without imparting spin, so that it rises at least 6
inches after leaving the palm of the hand.
7.4 As the ball is then descending from the height of its trajectory,
the server shall strike it so that it touches first his own court
and then, passing directly over the net or around or under the
projection of the net and its supports outside the table, touches
the receiver's court.
7.4.1 In doubles, the points of contact of the ball with the playing
surface shall be the server's right hand court and then the
receiver's right hand court.
7.4.2 If, in attempting to serve, a player fails to strike the ball while
it is in play, he shall lose a point.
7.5 When the ball is struck in service, it shall be behind the end line
of the server's court or an imaginary extension thereof, but not
farther back than the part of the server's body, other than his
arms, leg or head, which is farthest from the net.
7.6 It is the responsibility of the player to serve so that the umpire
or assistant umpire can see that he complies with the requirements
for a good service.
7.6.1 If the umpire is doubtful about the correctness of a player's
service but neither he nor the assistant umpire is sure it is
illegal, he may on the first occasion in a match interrupt play and
warn the server without awarding a point.
On any subsequent occasion in the same match at which the same
player's service is of doubtful correctness, for the same or any
other reason, the player shall not be given the benefit of the
doubt and shall lose a point.
7.6.2 Where, however, there is a clear failure to comply with the
requirements for a good service no warning should be given and a
point should be awarded against the server.
7.7 Exceptionally strict observance of the prescribed method of service
may be waived where the umpire is notified, before play begins,
that compliance is prevented by physical disability.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 8. A GOOD RETURN
8.1 The ball, having been served or returned in play, shall be struck
so that it passes directly over or around the net and its supports
and touches the opponent's court, except that:
8.1.1 If the ball, having been served or returned in play, returns with
its own impetus over the net it may be struck so that it touches
directly the opponent's court.
8.1.2 If the ball, in passing over or around the net, touches the net or
its supports, it shall be considered to have passed directly.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 9. IN PLAY
9.1 The ball shall be in play from the last moment at which it is
stationary before being projected in service until:
9.1.1 It touches something other than the playing surface, the net
assembly, the racket held in the hand or the racket hand below the
wrist.
9.1.2 The rally is otherwise decided as a let or a point.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 10. A LET
10.1 A rally is a let:
10.1.1 If the ball served, in passing over or around the net, touches it
or its supports, provided the serve is otherwise good or is
volleyed by the receiver or his partner.
10.1.2 If the service is delivered when, in the opinion of the umpire, the
receiving player or pair is not ready, provided that neither the
receiver or his partner attempts to strike the ball.
10.1.3 If, in the opinion of the umpire or assistant umpire, failure to
make a good return or otherwise to comply with the Official Laws is
due to a disturbance outside the control of the player.
10.1.4 If it is interrupted for correction of an error in playing order or
ends.
10.1.5 If it is interrupted for introduction of the expedite system.
10.1.6 If it is interrupted for warning a player for a service of doubtful
correctness or that he has failed to notify a change of racket. If
a player fails to notify the umpire and his opponent when he
changes his racket, the umpire shall immediately report this to the
referee. On the first occasion the referee shall disqualify him.
10.1.7 If the conditions of play are disturbed in a way which, in the
opinion of the umpire or assistant umpire, is likely to affect the
outcome of the rally.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 11. A POINT
Unless the rally is a let, a player shall lose a point:
11.1 If he fails to make a good service.
11.2 If he fails to make a good return.
11.3 If he obstructs the ball, except as provided in 10.1.1.
11.4 If the ball touches his court and then again the playing surface.
11.5 If he strikes the ball twice successively.
11.6 If he strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade having an
illegal surface.
11.7 If he, or anything he wears or carries, moves the playing surface
while the ball is in play.
11.8 If his free hand touches the playing surface while ball is in play.
11.9 If he, or anything he wears or carries, touches the net or its
supports while the ball is in play.
11.10 If, in doubles, he strikes the ball out of sequence, except where
there has been a genuine error in playing order.
11.11 If, under the expedite system, his service and twelve successive
good returns of the serving player or pair are each followed by
good returns of the receiving player or pair.
11.12 If the umpire assesses a penalty point against him.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 12. A GAME
12.1 A game shall be won by the player or pair first scoring 21 points
unless both players or pairs have scored 20 points, when the winner
shall be the player or pair first scoring 2 points more than the
opposing player or pair.
From ttennis@bu.edu Fri Aug 26 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 13. A MATCH
13.1 A Match shall consist of the best of three games or the best of
five games.
13.2 Play shall be continuous throughout, except that any player shall
be entitled to claim an interval of not more than 2 minutes between
any successive games.
13.2.1 The referee may allow a suspension of play of the shortest
practical duration (in no circumstances more than 10 minutes) if a
player is temporarily incapacitated by an accident, provided that
in the opinion of the referee the suspension is not likely to be
unduly disadvantageous to the opposing player or pair.
13.3 Short reasonable pauses for such purposes as towelling may be
taken, but only after every 5 points or at the change of ends in
the last possible game of a match.
13.4 A player who breaks his racket shall immediately resume play with a
spare racket kept close to the playing area, or one handed to him
in the playing area.
13.5 Doubles matches, regardless of the format of the competition or
position of the match in the draws (semi-finals, finals, etc) shall
be two of three games.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 14. THE CHOICE OF ENDS AND SERVES
14.1 The choice of ends and the right to serve or receive first in a
match shall be decided by toss.
14.2 The winner of the toss may:
14.2.1 Choose to serve or receive first, when the loser shall have the
choice of ends.
14.2.2 Choose an end, when the loser shall have the right to choose to
serve or receive first.
14.2.3 Require the loser to make the first choice.
14.3 In doubles, the pair who have the right to serve first in any game
shall decide which partner shall do so.
14.3.1 In the first game of a match, the opposing pair shall then decide
which partner will receive first.
14.3.2 In subsequent games of a match, the serving pair will choose their
first server and the first receiver will then be established
automatically to correspond to the first server as provided in Rule
16.6.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 15. THE CHANGE OF ENDS
15.1 The player or pair who started at one end in a game shall start at
the other end in the immediately subsequent game, and so on, until
the end of the match.
15.2 In the last possible game of a match, the players or pairs shall
change ends when first either player or pair reaches the score of
10.
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Aug 18 15:24:47 1994
Subject: * 16. THE CHANGE OF SERVICE
16.1 In singles: after five points, the receiver shall become the
server, and so on, until the end of the game, or the score 20-20,
or the introduction of the Expedite System.
16.2 In Doubles:
16.2.1 The first five services shall be delivered by the selected partner
of the pair who have the right to serve and shall be received by
the appropriate partner of the opposing pair.
16.2.2 The second five services shall be delivered by the receiver of the
first five services and shall be received by the partner of the
first server.
16.2.3 The third five services shall be delivered by the partner of the
first server and shall be received by the partner of the first
receiver.
16.2.4 The fourth five services shall be delivered by the partner of the
first server and shall be received by the first server.
16.2.5 The fifth five services shall be delivered by the first server and
the players shall thereafter serve and receive in the same sequence
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