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Archive-name: table-tennis/7_ITTF-rules
Version: 12.0

rec.sport.table-tennis answers to Frequently Asked Questions and other
news, posted monthly, now in mail folder digest format. New items preceded 
with +:
 
Table of Contents:
==================
   7.1. ITTF RULES 1991-93
   7.1.1 1: Constitution
   7.1.2 2: Disciplinary Regulations
   7.1.3 3: The Laws of Table Tennis
   7.1.4 4: Regulations for International Competitions
   7.1.5 5: Regulations for World Championships
   7.1.6 6: Regulations for Other World Title Competitons
   7.1.7 Directives: Match Officials at Wld Title Competitions
   7.2. ITTF Rule changes

Send comments, suggestions, contributions, revisions and criticisms
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	ttennis@bu.edu


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 7.1. ITTF RULES 1991-1993
==================================

From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 7.1.1 CONSTITUTION
===========================

From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.1 Name

1.1.1 The Federation shall be called The International Table Tennis Federation,
      referred to elsewhere in these Rules by its abbreviated title "ITTF".  

From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.2 Composition

1.2.1 The ITTF shall consist of the affiliated table tennis organisations, 
      referred to elsewhere in these Rules as "Associations", controlling 
      the sport in accordance with the principles of the ITTF in any territory
      generally regarded as constituting a national, historical or other unity.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.3 Principles

1.3.1 The principles of the ITTF shall be general unity of action, mutual 
      respect of Associations in their dealings with one another and the 
      inadmissibility of discrimination against Associations or individuals 
      on racial, political, religious or other grounds.

1.3.2 The ITTF shall observe the general and fundamental principles of the 
      Olympic Charter and no provision of these Rules shall be deemed to 
      conflict with or derogate from those principles.
 
From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.4 Objects

1.4.1 The objects of the ITTF shall be:

1.4.1.1 to uphold the principles of the ITTF and to develop the spirit of 
        friendship and mutual assistance among Associations and players;

1.4.1.2 to regulate relations between Associations and between Associations 
        and other organisations;

1.4.1.3 to seek continual improvement in the technical standard of table tennis
        and in the extent of participation in the sport throughout the world;

1.4.1.4 to foster friendly sporting competition and to eliminate unfair and 
        unsporting practices such as the use of drugs to affect performance;

1.4.1.5 to define the requirements for Olympic eligibility;

1.4.1.6 to establish and maintain the Laws of Table Tennis and the Regulations 
        for International Competitions;

1.4.1.7 to publish the standard text, which shall be the English text, of the 
        Rules, consisting of the Constitution, the Laws and the Regulations;

1.4.1.8 to encourage the publication of the Rules in other languages and to 
        check the accuracy of such publications;

1.4.1.9 to promote and to supervise the World Championships;

1.4.1.10 to employ the funds of the ITTF as may be expedient in the interests 
         of international table tennis.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.5 Management

1.5.1 The governing body of the ITTF shall be the General Meeting, consisting 
      of the assembled representatives of Associations.

1.5.2 Each Association in full membership shall be entitled to two 
      representatives and each Association in membership "in good standing" 
      shall be entitled to one representative.

1.5.3 A General Meeting shall normally be held once every two years and shall 
      be known as the "Biennial General Meeting", referred to elsewhere in 
      these Rules as "BGM".

1.5.4 Between BGMs the work of the ITTF shall be managed, in accordance with 
      policy decided by the BGM, by a Council, which shall administer the 
      finances of the ITTF and to which the BGM may delegate any of its powers.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.6 Officers

1.6.1 The Officers of the ITTF shall be a President, a Deputy President, a 
      Treasurer and six Vice-Presidents.

1.6.2 There shall be one Vice-President from each of the continental areas of 
      Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania and their
      duties shall be to initiate ITTF work devolved on them by the BGM and 
      generally to represent the ITTF in their own Continents.

1.6.3 A vacancy in any office other than that of President which arises between
      BGMs shall be filled by the Council but if the President resigns or is 
      unable to continue in office he shall be replaced by the Deputy 
      President until the next BGM.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.7 Council

1.7.1 The Council shall consist of the Officers, Continental representatives 
      elected at the BGM and members co-opted in accordance with 1.7.5.

1.7.2 The number of representatives from a Continent, in addition to any of 
      its members who are Officers, shall be one sixth of the number of its 
      member Associations which by 31st December of the year before the BGM 
      have paid all subscriptions due by that date, rounded up to the next 
      higher whole number.

1.7.3 The representatives of a Continent, other than any of its members who 
      are Officers, shall each be from a different Association.

1.7.4 The Council shall meet as required during the period of the BGM and once 
      during the year in which there is no BGM, but shall otherwise conduct 
      its business by correspondence.

1.7.5 At its first meeting after the BGM the Council shall co-opt as full
      members the Chairmen of Committees other than the Sports Science and 
      Standing Orders Committees, if they are not elected members of the 
      Council.

1.7.6 The Chairman at a Council meeting shall normally be the President, or, 
      in his absence, the Deputy President; if both are absent the members 
      present shall elect one of their number as Chairman for that meeting.

1.7.7 Every question at a Council meeting, unless otherwise stated in the 
      appropriate rule, shall be decided by a simple majority of the votes 
      cast; if there is an equality of votes the Chairman shall have a 
      casting vote.

1.7.8 Voting shall be by a show of hands, a roll-call or a ballot, as decided 
      by the meeting on a proposition by the Chairman.

1.7.9 In the period between BGMs any vacancy arising in the membership of the 
      Council may be filled by simple majority vote at a Council meeting, 
      but no temporary substitute shall be permitted to attend a Council 
      meeting or to conduct Council business in place of a member absent or 
      indisposed.

1.7.10 The Council shall have power to appoint consultants to itself or to any 
       special Committee; the responsibilities and rights of these consultants
       shall be defined at the time of appointment.

1.7.11 The ITTF shall pay a proportion of the travel costs of Council members
       attending the meeting held in the year between BGMs, the proportion
       being decided from time to time by the executive board.

From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.8 Executive Board

1.8.1 An Executive Board, consisting of the Officers, shall meet at intervals 
      of about six months when convened by the President.

1.8.2 The Executive Board shall be responsible for

1.8.2.1 the initiation and review of proposals for the development of table 
        tennis;

1.8.2.2 recommending to the BGM or the Council the assignment of funds for 
        special projects;

1.8.2.3 recommending to the BGM or the Council distribution policies for 
        Olympics revenue;

1.8.2.4 the consideration of other matters referred to it by the BGM or the 
        Council.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.9 Executive Committee 

1.9.1 An Executive Committee, consisting of the President, the Deputy President
      and the Treasurer, shall have power to deal with current or urgent 
      business, reporting to the Executive Board at its next meeting.

1.9.2 The Executive Committee shall meet during the period of the BGM and 
      otherwise when convened by the President.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.10 Olympics Commission

1.10.1 The Olympics Commission shall consist of the Officers and a 
       representative of the country organising the next Olympic Games, but 
       any Vice-President may nominate a representative to attend a meeting 
       in his place or act on his behalf.

1.10.2 The Commission shall be responsible for: 

1.10.2.1 the planning, control and supervision of the table tennis events in 
         the Olympic Games;

1.10.2.2 liaison with, as appropriate, the International Olympic Committee 
         (IOC), National Olympic Committees (NOCs) and Associations on all 
         matters concerning Olympic competitions;

1.10.2.3 enforcement of the eligibility regulations and confirmation of the 
         eligibility of entrants for Olympic events;

1.10.2.4 submission to the IOC of amendments to the eligibility regulations, 
         as agreed by the BGM;

1.10.2.5 drafting and submission to the BGM of proposals for a qualifying system
         for entry into Olympic events;

1.10.2.6 appointment of a Jury, technical representatives and officials for 
         the table tennis events;

1.10.2.7 generally ensuring that the table tennis events at Olympic Games 
         comply with the letter and the spirit of the Olympic Charter.

1.10.3 The Commission shall meet during the period of the BGM and at other 
       times when convened by the President.

1.10.4 The Secretary-General shall attend all meetings of the Commission and 
       shall draft its Minutes and Reports.

1.10.5 The Commission shall submit a written report to the BGM and, in the 
       intervening years, to the Council.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.11 Secretary-General 

1.11.1 The Council shall appoint a Secretary-General on agreed terms and 
       conditions, on the recommendation of the Executive Committee.

1.11.2 The Secretary-General shall be responsible to the Executive Committee 
       for the work of the ITTF Secretariat, the engagement and supervision 
       of ITTF staff and the general administration of the ITTF.

1.11.3 The Secretary-General shall submit an annual report to the Council.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.12 Special Committees

1.12.1 The BGM shall appoint special Committees to study particular aspects of 
       the work of the ITTF and to advise and assist the Council in dealing 
       with these aspects.

1.12.2 The composition of  the Standing Orders Committee shall be recommended 
       to the BGM by the Executive Board; the composition of other Committees 
       shall be decided at the BGM on the basis of lists recommended by the 
       Standing Orders Committee, but additions to or deletions from these 
       lists may be proposed at the BGM.

1.12.3 With the exception of the Sports Science Committee, which may have up 
       to sixteen corresponding members, no Committee shall have more than 
       eight full members and six corresponding members.

1.12.4 The Chairman of each Committee shall be appointed by the Council from 
       among the full members elected to that Committee.

1.12.5 The Chairman of a Committee may appoint one of its members Vice-Chairman
       or Secretary and allocate specific duties to him.

1.12.6 Committees shall normally meet during the period of the BGM and shall 
       otherwise conduct their business by correspondence.

1.12.7 A Committee may set up sub-committees of its members to deal with 
       specific areas of work; any reports or recommendations of such 
       sub-committees shall be subject to endorsement by the full Committee 
       before publication or submission to the BGM or the Council.

1.12.8 A member of a Committee who does not, within a reasonable specified 
       period, express in writing an opinion on a written proposal circulated 
       by or on behalf of the Chairman of that Committee shall be considered 
       to have agreed to any resulting recommendation submitted in the name 
       of the Committee.

1.12.9 The Chairman of each Committee shall submit to the Council an annual 
       report of the activities of the Committee, drawing attention to any 
       recommendations which the Committee wishes to make;  acceptance of the 
       report shall not automatically imply acceptance of such recommendations.

1.12.10 Any recommendation by a Committee which would lead to a rule change 
        shall be subject to specific approval by the Council and where such a 
        rule change requires ratification by the BGM a proposition embodying 
        the change shall be included in the agenda of the BGM in the name of 
        the Council.

1.12.11 Committees may, where so authorised, act on behalf of the Council but 
        the extent of this authority and its duration shall be specified by 
        the Council and shall be reviewed not later than at the next meeting 
        of the Council.

1.12.12 All members of Committees shall be entitled to attend General Meetings,
        but without vote unless representing an Association.

1.12.13 The duties of the Equipment Committee shall be:

1.12.13.1 to advise the Council on equipment and playing conditions;

1.12.13.2 to draft technical specifications and guidance documents for 
          equipment and playing conditions;

1.12.13.3 to conduct or arrange for tests of equipment items submitted for 
          approval and to make recommendations to the Council on acceptance;

1.12.13.4 to co-operate with the Technical Committee in advising the 
          organisers of World and Olympic title competitions on matters 
          concerning equipment and playing conditions.


1.12.14 The duties of the Media Committee shall be:

1.12.14.1 to advise the Council on relations with the Press and television;

1.12.14.2 to encourage the publication of journals, books and films relating 
          to table tennis and to promote the exchange of such information;

1.12.14.3 to set up a roster of its members so that at least one of them is 
          available in the press centre on each day of the World Championships 
          during all hours of play.


1.12.15 The duties of the Ranking Committee shall be:

1.12.15.1 to prepare ranking lists for use in seeding men's and women's singles
          events in open tournaments which include players from more than one 
          Continent;

1.12.15.2 to publish one such list as soon as possible after the World 
          Championships and another at the end of the subsequent playing season,
          and to review the list as necessary for the draw of the next World 
          Championships and the draw of the Olympic Games, taking account of the
          current ranking lists of Continental Federations;

1.12.15.3 to prepare ranking lists of men's and women's doubles pairs to be 
          used in the selection of entries for the World Doubles Cup;

1.12.15.4 to prepare, from the entries received, a seeding list for the doubles
          events of the World Title competitions and Olympic Games;

1.12.15.5 to advise the organisers of World and Olympic title competitions on 
          any question of seeding or the assignment of entrants to qualifying 
          stages of the individual events.


1.12.16 The duties of the Rules Committee shall be:

1.12.16.1 to advise the Council on any question of interpretation of rule;

1.12.16.2 in co-operation with the Technical Committee to assist the referee 
          in any question of interpretation of rule at the World Championships;

1.12.16.3 to review and, where appropriate, improve the wording of Laws and 
          Regulations and amendments thereto, in accordance with principles 
          agreed by the BGM or the Council and to make consequential amendments;

1.12.16.4 to co-ordinate and assist the work of umpires and referees and to be 
          responsible for the qualification and assessment of International 
          Umpires and International Referees;

1.12.16.5 to issue directives on the interpretation and application of Laws and
          Regulations to International Umpires and International Referees, 
          through their national Associations;

1.12.16.6 to set up a roster of its members so that at least one of them is 
          available in the playing hall on each day of the World Championships 
          during all hours of play.


1.12.17 The duties of the Sports Science Committee shall be:

1.12.17.1 to advise the Council on medicine, physiology and hygiene relating 
          to table tennis;

1.12.17.2 to prepare guidance documents for players, trainers and officials on 
          matters such as medical services, training and diet relating to table 
          tennis;

1.12.17.3 to prepare instructions concerning doping substances and the 
          application of anti-doping controls;

1.12.17.4 to sponsor and to review research into the scientific aspects of 
          table tennis.


1.12.18 The duties of the Standing Orders Committee shall be:

1.12.18.1 to recommend to General Meetings the order and times of sessions and 
          the business to be dealt with at each session;

1.12.18.2 to consider the admissibility of propositions and resolutions received
          after the specified closing date and to recommend to the BGM their 
          acceptance or rejection;

1.12.18.3 to consider applications to organise the World Championships and to 
          report to the BGM;

1.12.18.4 to consider nominations for appointment to  Committees other than 
          the Standing Orders Committee, and to recommend to the BGM the 
          composition of Committees, taking account of the views of the retiring
          Chairmen and the Vice-Presidents. 


1.12.19 The duties of the Technical Committee shall be:

1.12.19.1 to advise the Council on the organisation of the World Title 
          competitions and to make recommendations of the system of play;

1.12.19.2 to provide advice and assistance to the World Championships 
          organisers in the organisation and management of the World 
          Championships;

1.12.19.3 to appoint the Chairman of the World Championships Jury;

1.12.19.4 in co-operation with the Rules Committee to assist the referee in 
          any question of interpretation of rule at the World Championships;

1.12.19.5 to be responsible for the World Championships draw;

1.12.19.6 to approve the playing schedule prepared by the World Championships 
          organisers;

1.12.19.7 to set up a roster of its members so that at least one of them is 
          available in the playing hall on each day of the World Championships 
          during all hours of play.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.13 Eligibility for Office

1.13.1 Nominations for ITTF Officers and for members of the Council, Olympics 
       Commission and Committees may be made only with the consent of the 
       Association of which the nominee is a member;  if the consent is 
       revoked after the nominee has been appointed he may be removed from 
       his post only by agreement of a two thirds majority vote of the Council.

1.13.2 A member of an Association whose subscription is in arrears shall not 
       be eligible for election or co-option.

1.13.3 No person shall at one time serve as a full member of more than one 
       special Committee other than the Sports Science and Standing Orders 
       Committees, and no more than three such posts shall be occupied by the 
       members of one Association.

1.13.4 No Officer or elected Council member shall be eligible to serve on a 
       Committee without the specific permission of the Executive Board.

1.13.5 A person connected in any way with the manufacture, sale or endorsement 
       of table tennis equipment or with consultation on such equipment:

1.13.5.1  shall not be eligible as a member of the Executive Committee;

1.13.5.2  may serve on a Committee or otherwise represent an Association but 
          shall withdraw from a meeting or abstain from voting on an issue if 
          so  requested by a majority of the meeting which he is attending.

1.13.6 A paid official of the ITTF shall not serve as an Officer or as a 
       member of the Council, the Olympics Commission or a Committee.

1.13.7 The Chairman of the Standing Orders Committee shall not be eligible as 
       chairman of a General Meeting.

1.13.8 All Officers and members of the Council, the Olympics Commission and 
       Committees shall retire at the BGM but shall be eligible for re-election.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.14 Administration

1.14.1 Office

1.14.1.1 The Office of the ITTF shall be in a place appointed by resolution 
         of the BGM or, in emergency, of the Council.

1.14.2 Languages

1.14.2.1 The correspondence and proceedings of the ITTF shall be conducted in 
         such languages convenient for appropriate tasks and within the 
         resources of the ITTF, as may be determined from time to time by the 
         Council, having particular regard to Arabic, English, French, German, 
         Russian and Spanish.

1.14.2.2 All languages of ITTF members are equally official and representatives
         shall be entitled to address meetings of the ITTF in their own 
         language, subject to their provision of interpretation into one of 
         the working languages fixed for use at that meeting.

1.14.3 Publications

1.14.3.1 The ITTF shall from time to time publish its official Handbook as 
         directed by the BGM, and other pamphlets and leaflets of guidance; 
         ten copies of each such publication shall be supplied free to each 
         Association.

1.14.3.2 The ITTF shall publish also its official Bulletin, supplying one copy 
         of each issue free to each Association.

1.14.3.3 Each Association shall supply to the Secretary-General the results of 
         its Open International Championships and international matches.

1.14.3.4 Each Association shall appoint a special representative, notifying 
         his name and address to the Secretary-General, to co-operate with the 
         latter in the supply of news.

1.14.3.5 The official journals of all Associations shall, if notified to the 
         Secretary-General, be listed in the ITTF Handbook.

1.14.3.6 A copy of each issue of each official journal shall be forwarded by 
         the publishing Association to the Secretary-General and to every other 
         Association that shall supply the publishing Association with an 
         address for that purpose.


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.15 Finance

1.15.1 Accounts

1.15.1.1 The financial year of the ITTF shall end on 31st December.

1.15.1.2 The Treasurer shall prepare an annual statement of accounts, which 
         shall be audited by professional auditors.

1.15.1.3 The Treasurer shall prepare an annual estimate of income and 
         expenditure for the succeeding year.

1.15.1.4 The bank accounts of the ITTF shall be held at banks appointed by 
         resolution of the BGM or, in emergency, of the Council.

1.15.2 Trustees

1.15.2.1 The President, Deputy President and Treasurer for the time being 
         shall be and are hereby appointed Trustees for the purpose of 
         purchasing, selling, leasing or otherwise dealing with any freehold or 
         leasehold property or other assets of whatever kind required by the 
         Council for the purposes of the ITTF.

1.15.2.2 The Trustees shall be authorised to use the funds of the ITTF in the 
         purchase of such freehold or leasehold property and assets and the 
         same shall be vested in the Trustees upon trust for sale and they shall
         stand possessed thereof and of the proceeds of sale thereof upon trust
         for the ITTF in such manner in all respects as the Council may from 
         time to time by resolution direct.

1.15.2.3 The Trustees shall comply with the laws, statutes and requirements of 
         the countries in which such trust property may be situated insofar as 
         they relate to the purchase, sale and management of such property and 
         the duties of Trustees in connection herewith.

1.15.2.4 The Trustees and each of them and their respective estates and effects
         shall be fully and effectually indemnified from and against all 
         personal risk and expense arising as a result of their appointment as 
         such Trustees out of the property and funds of the ITTF.

1.15.2.5 The Trustees shall cease to act in such capacity upon ceasing for 
         whatever reason to hold office as the President, Deputy President and 
         Treasurer respectively of the ITTF and they or their survivors shall 
         thereupon execute a Deed of Appointment of new Trustees in favour of 
         their successors in such office.

1.15.2.6 Any statement of fact in such Deed of Appointment shall in favour of a
         person dealing bona fide and for value with the Trustees be conclusive 
         evidence of such fact as stated.

1.15.2.7 A Minute signed by the President and Secretary-General shall be 
         conclusive evidence of a resolution of the Council.

1.15.3 Subscriptions

1.15.3.1 Each Association shall pay an annual subscription of #100 or the 
         equivalent.

1.15.3.2 The first subscription shall be paid with the application for 
         membership and subsequent subscriptions shall be due on 1st January of 
         each year.

1.15.3.3 A representative of an Association whose subscription is in arrears 
         shall not be entitled to vote at a General Meeting, either for his own 
         Association or as a proxy, to serve on the Council or a committee or 
         to play in World Championships.  ("In arrears" means owing more than 
         one year's subscription).


From usatt@earth.usa.net Fri Jan 21 00:39:04 1994
Subject: 1.16 Membership

1.16.1 Eligibility

1.16.1.1 Any organisation representative of table tennis in a territory and 
         observing the principles of the ITTF may be elected a member but it 
         shall be recognised as representative only of the territory in which 
         it controls the sport.

1.16.1.2 Where one or more Associations in membership represent table tennis in
         only part of an area generally regarded as constituting a unity, an 
         Association representing the sport in any other part of the same unity 
         may apply for membership, provided that its separateness is due to 
         circumstances outside the sport and outside the control of the players 
         concerned, that the jurisdiction it claims is clearly limited, in title
         and constitution, to the territory in which it controls the sport and 
         that it is otherwise qualified for membership. In the consideration of 
         an application from such an organisation the views of any Association 
         already in membership from the same unity shall be taken into account.

1.16.1.3 Where there is doubt whether an organisation, otherwise qualified for 
         membership, fully controls table tennis in a territory, that 
         organisation may be elected to "membership in good standing"; such 
         membership shall carry all the rights and obligations of full 
         membership, except that the Association shall have only one vote at a 
         General Meeting and membership shall be subject to review at each BGM.

1.16.1.4 Where a member in good standing shall have shown itself loyal to the 
         principles of the ITTF, where there is no other body operating in the 
         territory in accordance with these principles and where the limitation 
         of its whole conduct of the sport in the territory is due to 
         circumstances outside its control, the membership in good standing may 
         be changed to full membership at review.

1.16.1.5 In no circumstances shall two Associations be recognised as exercising
         authority over the same territory.

1.16.1.6 An organisation located outside the territory of any Association may 
         be granted temporary attachment to an Association for the purpose of 
         receiving aid in development and competition;  the extended territory 
         shall be regarded as being within the member's control, but approval 
         of attachment shall be reviewed at each BGM and shall not be renewed 
         indefinitely.

1.16.2 Application and Election

1.16.2.1 Applications for membership shall be made on a form approved by the 
         Council.

1.16.2.2 All applications shall be submitted not later than six calendar months
         before the date of the General Meeting at which the application is to 
         be considered.

1.16.2.3 The Executive Board shall review all applications on behalf of the 
         Council and make recommendations on acceptance.

1.16.2.4 Applications for membership shall be considered by the next BGM and 
         shall be accepted if they receive at least two-thirds of the votes 
         cast. In the consideration of an application in respect of an area for
         which there is a recognised Continental Federation, the views of that 
         Federation shall be taken into account.

1.16.2.5 In the consideration of applications for combined membership by 
         Associations formerly in separate membership, or for separate 
         membership by Associations which were formerly components of an 
         Association which has divided, or for recognition of changes in the 
         territory in which an Association controls the sport, the views of the 
         players and organisations concerned and any circumstances outside their
         control shall be taken into account; secession in other circumstances 
         is not to be encouraged.

1.16.2.6 The Council may, by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast, elect an 
         applicant to "provisional membership", which shall entitle the 
         Association to attend the next BGM, without voice or vote, and to 

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