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Archive-name: cultures/tuva-faq/part2
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Last-modified: 2001/10/15
Version: 1.49
URL: http://FOTuva.org/faq/t-faq.html

Anyone wishing to take a shot at improving this should go ahead and send
the edited section along to me . Thanks to Bernard
Greenberg [BSG] for his numerous additions and edits and to Bernard Dubriel
[BD], Alan Shrives [AS], Kevin Williams [KW], Albert Kuvezin [AK], Dr
Oliver Corff [OC], Mike Vande Bunt [MVB], Ralph Leighton [RL], Masahiko
Todoriki, Alan Leighton, Ken Simon, and Sami Jansson.

                     Alt.culture.tuva FAQ Version 1.49,
                       Part 2 of 2 (October 15, 2001)

Table of Contents - Part 1:

1: How can I get a copy of this Frequently Asked Questions list?
2. Are there any WWW sites for Tuva?
3: What is Tuva?
4: What is all the fuss about?
5: How can I contact X in Tuva?
6: What's this about two voices from one singer?
7: Where can I find out more? (Friends of Tuva)
8: Are there any video tapes about Tuva?
9: Does anyone still collect the old Tuvan stamps?
10: What can you tell me about travel to Tuva?
11: How can I learn to sing khoomei?
12: How did the "Tannu" get into "Tannu Tuva"?

Table of Contents - Part 2:

13: Any recommended reading about Tuva?
14: Any recommended reading about Feynman?
15: Are audio recordings available?

Questions and Answers:

13: Any recommended reading about Tuva?
A: Send your suggestions. Here's what I've found.

     1 - Tuva or Bust! Ralph Leighton. W.W. Norton, 1991.

          The canonical work. Describes Feynman and Leighton's
          decade-long struggle to reach Tuva. Semi-related works
          are ``Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!'' and ``What
          Do You Care What Other People Think?'', both by Richard
          Feynman (with Ralph Leighton).

     2 - Journey to Tuva

          Otto Mänchen-Helfen, extensively annotated and
          translated from German to English by Alan Leighton.
          Ethnographics Press, University of Southern California,
          1931/1992

          Available from Friends of Tuva. A great book detailing
          the visit of a Westerner in 1929. Contains an appendix
          about present day Tuva and a map.

     3 - Nomads of Eurasia Natural History Museum of Los Angeles
     County University of Washington Press, 1989.

        * This book accompanied the museum exhibit "Nomads: Masters of
          the Eurasian Steppe" in 1989-1990. Great pictures and text.

     4 - Nomads of South Siberia Sevyan Vainshtein, translated by
     Michael Colenso Cambridge University Press, 1980.

          Wow. The detail is impressive as the author examines
          Tuvan nomadic life.

     5 - In Search of Genghis Khan Tim Severin, Arrow Books, 1992.

          The author joins a horseback expedition to trace the
          steps of Genghis Khan from Mongolia to Europe in 1990.
          An intriguing foray into the life of the modern
          Mongolian nomad, with many details that may frighten
          prospective visitors to the region.

     7 - The Peoples of the Soviet Far East Walter Kolarz, published
     by Frederick Praeger of New York, 1954.

     8 - The Tuvan Manual John Krueger, available from the Mongolia
     Society, 322 Goodbody Hall Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
     47405, USA.

          An indispensable work that includes a primer on the
          area and culture, lessons on how to read and speak
          Tuvan, a Tuvan to English glossary, and several samples
          of Tuvan text. An extremely valuable book that is worth
          double the price (about $20). A word of caution; the
          only Tuvan I know to have seen the book commented that
          "no one uses those words anymore".

     9 - Ancient Traditions: Shamanism in Central Asia and the
     Americas Edited by Gary Seaman and Jane S. Day. Published by the
     Denver Museum of Natural History and the University Press of
     Colorado, 1994.

          Based on the proceedings from ``Nomads: Masters of the
          Eurasian Steppe,'' Volume 4 of the Soviet-American
          academic symposia in conjunction with the museum
          exhibitions. The one chapter devoted to Tuvan shamanism
          is by Russian ethnographer Vera P. Diakonova.

     10 - The Lost Country: Mongolia Revealed Jasper Becker. Hodder &
     Stoughton, 1992. ISBN: 0-340-57978-1

          Written by the Asia correspondent of the Guardian
          newspaper, who visited Mongolia and surrounding
          countries several times in 1989-90. Includes are
          chapters on Buryatia and Tuva. Plenty of personal
          observation as well as background history.

     11 - The Last Disco In Outer Mongolia Nick Middleton. Onon, 1992.
     ISBN: 1-85799-012-9

          About the travel experiences of a British student who
          visited Mongolia in 1987 and 1990. He observes the
          changes that have taken place between his two visits.

     12 - Recherche experimentale sur le chant diphonique Hugo Zemp
     and Tran Quang Hai. Cahier de Musique traditionnelle,
     4,p27-68,Atelier d'ethnomusicologie, Geneve, 1991.

          The most thorough analysis of Tuvan, Tibetan, Mongol
          and Altai styles. Plenty of sound spectra representing
          excerpts from a variety of songs, including cuts from
          the Smithsonian Folkways CD. [BD]

     13 - Structural, aerodynamic and spectral characteristics of
     imitated Tibetan chanting. Aliaa Ali Khir, M.D. and Diane
     M.Bless, Ph.D. Proceedings of the 21st symposium of The Voice
     Foundation. Philadelphia, June 1992.

          A study on ``the underlying physiological adjustments
          of this unique phonetary mode''. For those with high
          interests in acoustic and physiological details. The
          subject under study was an American male, not a Tibetan
          monk. The study suggests aphonic patients may benefit
          from Tibetan chanting, as it requires minimal mean flow
          rates. It quotes and agrees with previous authors
          (Smith, Stevens, Tomlinson 1967), that Tibetan style
          may be due to ``two modes of oscillations, one at the
          normal frequency and another at some ``ill-defined''
          low frequency that synchronized to every pulse of the
          higher frequency''. It rules out glottal fry as the
          source of the low note, which I believe is an error.
          [BD]

     14 - Sons multiphoniques aux instruments a vent Michele
     Castellango Rapport IRCAM, 34|82. Paris, France.

          Wind instruments, not just voices, can play multiple
          sounds. The trombone, the flute, the oboe, bassoon and
          bass clarinet are examined in that respect. Defined as
          : ``l'entretien d'un son stable percu comme un
          accord'', multiphonic instrumental emissions are
          compared to vocal overtone singing. ``Si l'on renforce
          l'intensite de certaines harmoniques, ceux-ci peuvent
          etre percu isolement et former une melodie
          independante. A un instant donne, on percoit alors deux
          hauteurs. C'est le cas du chant diphonique, de la
          guinbarde et de l'arc musical ou l'on a dailleurs
          souvent deux ou trois melodies formantiques en
          contrepoint.''

          N.B In previous years, Michele Castellango and Trang
          Quang Hai have worked together on a number of
          occasions, trying to pin down the nature of biphonic
          singing. [BD]

     14 - Theorie physiologique de la musique Hermann von Helmholtz
     Editions Jacques Gabay Paris, 1990.

          The Bible of acoustics and music, from the well known
          19th century Heidelberg university professor. First
          edition in French: 1868.

          When we sing overtones, we behave as Helmholtz
          resonators, amplifying certain harmonics in the note we
          sing. We do so by slightly changing the volume of air
          contained in our vocal tract or by changing the surface
          of the aperture of our mouth. Helmholtz shows us that
          in matters of resonance, there are no other variables
          at play than volume of air and surface of aperture.

          Following up on Helmhotz I hypothesized that whenever
          three notes were distinctly heard in a given style
          (i.e. Kaigal-ool Khovalyg singing in khoomei style) one
          was amplified using the tongue as a means to vary the
          volume of air, one was amplified using the aperture of
          the mouth. Both field observations of professional
          Tuvan singers and personal practice seem to verify
          this. [BD]

     15 - Tuvan Folk Music A.N. Aksenov Asian Music IV, 1973

          I've been unable to confirm the existence of this book,
          or even find out what language it has been published
          in. It was listed as one of several books being
          auctioned by a specialist in antique books.

     16 - The Choomij of Mongolia: a Spectral Analysis of Overtone
     Singing R. Walcot Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology 2, 1974

     17 - The Land In The Heart Of Asia Vladimir Semenov and Marina
     Kilunovskaia Bronze Horseman Literary Agency (1995) 70-52 Olcott
     Street Forest Hills, NY 11375

          $22, 112 pages, 72 color illustrations. Bronze Age,
          Neolithic, and Scythian artifacts from excavations in
          Tuva.

     18 - Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in
     North-West Mongolia and Dzungaria Douglas Carruthers Hutchinson &
     Co., 1914.

          ``Unknown Mongolia'' is an enormous two-volume tome
          based on British geographer Douglas Carruthers'
          20-month journey and mapping expedition through what is
          now Tuva and Mongolia. The first volume is almost all
          about Tuva. Carruthers was literally charting uncharted
          territory. The stated intent of the journey was as a
          geographic expedition. Carruthers set out to map the
          territory and investigate its geology, flora and fauna.
          The result is a fascinating and highly informative
          account, written in the somewhat overblown, erudite
          manner typical of the aristocrats who were members of
          the Royal Geographic Society.

          Despite his understandably "Orientalist" approach,
          Carruthers for the most part manages to avoid the
          judgmental condescension of many other British
          explorers. His account of the indigenous people and
          their ways of life is sensitive and respectful, and his
          painstaking attention to detail is rendered more with
          refreshing candor and wide-eyed wonder than with the
          bored skepticism of some of the other British travel
          accounts of the period. It's informative, entertaining,
          readable, and full of vivid geographic and ethnographic
          detail. [Review by Brian Donahoe.]

          Booksellers list a 1994 edition of this book (ISBN
          8120608577) with a price in the $40 (US) range - much
          better than the rare 1914 edition.

     19 - Open Lands: Travels Through Russia's Once Forbidden Places
     Mark Taplin Steerforth Press, 1998, ISBN 1-883642-87-6

          In 1992, when the doors to formerly forbidden areas of
          the Soviet Union were opened, Taplin visited seven
          newly accessible cities and regions. One chapter is
          devoted to Tuva; the chapter is an interesting read,
          the highlight being his run-in with Mongush
          Kenin-Lopsang. Taplin has an eye for detail and
          provides generous descriptions of the situations he's
          encountered; his Tuvan chapter doesn't include much on
          aspects of Tuvan tradition or day-to-day life but does
          provide much insight on the legacies of the Soviet
          system.

     20 - Books by Lev Nikolayevich Gumilev (1912-1992)

          Several Russians have reported that they first became
          interested in Tuva through the works (in Russian) of
          this author. Some titles of interest are "Hunnu in
          China" "Ancient Turkic people".

14: Any recommended reading about Feynman?
A: Send your suggestions. Here's what I've found.

1 - Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! Richard Feynman, as told to Ralph
Leighton W.W. Norton, 1985. Paperback by Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-34668-7.

     Another canonical work. Sometimes inspirational, sometimes
     educational, always amusing. I can't praise this book highly
     enough to do it justice.

2 - What Do *You* Care What Other People Think? Richard Feynman, as told to
Ralph Leighton W.W. Norton, 1988. Paperback by Bantam Books, ISBN
0-553-34784-5.

     In a way, "What Do You Care" fills in the holes that "Surely
     You're Joking" left unexplored. Some stories are light hearted,
     while others are somewhat tragic. The second half of the book
     details Feynman's work with the Rogers Commission. Highly
     recommended.

3 - QED - The Strange Theory of Light and Matter Richard Feynman Princeton
University Press, 1985.

     Quantum electrodynamics explained for the generalist. Will the
     reader understand modern physics after reading this book? No, but
     not to worry (as explained on page 9). The clearest and most
     concise explanation of the subject available.

4 - The Feynman Lectures on Physics Richard Feynman, Robert Leighton,
Matthew Sands Addison-Wesley, 1963.

     This legendary three-volume set established the precedent of
     "Feynman talks, Leighton writes". Fascinating lectures delivered
     with insight usually not presented to undergraduate students.

5 - Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman James Gleick Pantheon
Books, 1992. Paperback by Vintage/Random House, 1993, ISBN 0-679-74704-4.

     Gleick is a thorough researcher; the bibliography is formidable.
     His writing does not convey the same friendly charm of Feynman's
     narrated stories, but the different viewpoint will be of interest
     to the completist.

6 - No Ordinary Genius: The Illustrated Richard Feynman Christopher Sykes
W.W. Norton, 1994.

     Great book. Ralph Leighton describes it as a get-together at a
     home where Feynman is the main topic of conversation, and Feynman
     shows up to tell his version of events.

7 - SIX EASY PIECES: Essentials of Physics Explained by its Most Brilliant
Teacher Richard P. Feynman Addison-Wesley and the Caltech Archives, 1994.

     Six Lectures from The Feynman Lectures on Physics, with
     accompanying audio on CD or cassette.

8 - The Art of Richard P. Feynman : Images By a Curious Character Compiled
by Michelle Feynman G+B Science Publishers SA, G+B Arts International ISBN
2-88449-047-7

     173 pages with 92 full page black and white images and 7 colour
     plates by Feynman the artist. Accompanying the images are 57
     pages of commentary and reminiscences, some of which has been
     printed before (``But Is It Art?'' from ``Surely You're Joking'')
     and some of which is new. Particularly interesting are the
     contributions from the wonderful Albert Hibbs and from Michelle
     Feynman. A great book for the enthusiast.

9 - The Beat of A Different Drum: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
Jagdish Mehra Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1994 ISBN 0-19-853948-7 (cloth)

     According to the book jacket, Feynman in 1980 requested that
     Mehra ``do what he had already done for Heisenberg, Pauli, and
     Dirac, that is write a definitive account of his life, science
     and personality.'' Mehra, who had known Feynman personally for 30
     years, readily agreed.

10 - Richard Feynman - A Life In Science John Gribbin and Mary Gribbin
Dutton, published by the Penguin Group, 1997 ISBN 0-525-94124-X (hardcover)

     The book attempts to capture both the essence of Feynman's
     scientific works and the essence of his `curious character' in
     one book, and succeeds to a good degree. The scientific
     explanations are well-explained in an interesting manner, and the
     anecdotes are always engaging. This may be of the most interests
     to the reader who has not already enjoyed other books featuring
     stories from Feynman's life, since there is inevitably some
     duplication between books, but even the seasoned reader will find
     something new here.

11 - Most of the Good Stuff - Memories of Richard Feynman Laurie M. Brown
and John S. Rigden, editors American Institute of Physics, 1993 ISBN
0-88318-870-8 (hardcover)

     One of the better books, this is a collection of reminiscences
     and anecdotes from colleagues and friends, organized around the
     impact he made through his scientific work, through his teaching,
     and through his personality. Several of the pieces appeared in
     the February 1989 issue of `Physics Today' but are not reprinted
     elsewhere.

15: Are audio recordings available?
A: I'm glad you asked. Long gone are the days when Tuvan (and other central
Asian) music was difficult to find; the enthusiast now has a wonderful
array of offerings to choose from. Of course, not all of these recordings
are available in every store, but we've tried to supply all the information
needed to place a special order. of course, if you're not certain of what
you want, you can always ask in Usenet newsgroup alt.culture.tuva.

     1 - Tuva: Voices From The Center Of Asia.
           Smithsonian Folkways CD SF 40017
           Distributed by Rounder Records, Cambridge MA.

          33 tracks, 41'50, featuring numerous performers
          recorded in Tuva by Ted Levin, Eduard Alexeev, Zoya
          Kirgiz. Khoomei, jew's harp, sigit, animal imitations.
          Excellent, scholarly, musicological liner notes.

     2 - Tuva: Voices from the Land of the Eagles
          Pan Records CD 2005CD
          P.O. Box 155, 2300 AD Leiden, Netherlands

          11 tracks, 46'46, khomus, tyzani, igil, amirga,
          toshpular. Features Kongar-ool Ondar, Kaigal-ool
          Khovalig, Gennadi Tumat, all soloists of the folk
          ensemble Tuva. Recorded February 23, 1991. Excellent
          liner notes.

     3 - Voix de l'Orient Sovietique
            Inedit W 260008
            Maison des Cultures Du Monde , Paris

          Only one Khoomei track, but it is supposedly very good.
          Other tracks from other Soviet (now CIS) central Asian
          republics. [I don't have this one - Kerry]

     4 - Mongolian Folk Music
           Hungaroton HCD 18013-14

          Selected from the 1967 year's collection by Lajos
          Vargyas.  [I don't have this one - Kerry]

     5 - Mongolie- Musique vocale et instrumentale
           Inedit W 460009

          [I don't have this one - Kerry]

     6 - Sainkho Namtchylak - Lost Rivers
           Free Music Productions FMP CD 42
           Postbox 100 227, 1000 Berlin 10, Germany

          Solo voice. Avante garde singing, with some polyphonic
          singing. 13 tracks, 74'18.

     7 - Sainkho Namtchylak - When the Sun Is Out You Don't See Stars
           Free Music Productions FMP CD 38

          With Peter Kowald (bass), Werner Ludi (saxes), Butch
          Morris (cornet). 20 tracks, 72,50, less avante garde
          than Lost Rivers.

     8 - Sainkho Namtchylak - Out Of Tuva
          Cramworld/Crammed Discs CD CRAW6
          Released 1993.
           Recorded between 1986 and 1993 in Kyzyl, Moscow, Wuppertal,
     Paris, and Brussels.

          Mostly pop songs incorporating traditional folklore and
          some traditional techniques, the liner notes explain
          that these are recordings that Sainkho had made with no
          plans to release them. Muscovite Artemy Troitsky
          thought that they should be released and put them on
          this disk, along with three new songs.

          The songs are generally less esoteric than other
          Sainkho works and they are far more accessible to the
          casual listener. The featured instrument is her voice,
          and the accompaniment varies from somewhat bare
          percussion to a large orchestra to synthesized washes.
          I like this disc more than the other Sainkho ones I've
          heard, and if I were to recommend a first Sainkho album
          to newcomers, this would be it.

          As an added bonus, the insert artwork is pretty good;
          the cover is a stunning photo of Sainkho's face and
          shoulders superimposed in front of a bright blur of
          colour. The liner notes are good but too brief; only
          some of the songs have accompanying notes listing the
          details of the recording. 13 Tracks, total length
          40:30.

     9 - Sainkho Namtchylak - Letters
           Leo CD 190. Unreviewed.

     10- Tuva: Echoes from the Spirit World
           Pan Records CD 2013CD

          17 tracks, 61'38, khomus, tyzani, igil, amirga,
          toshpular, dambiraa, bell, kengirge, byzaanchy, limbi,
          buree, savag, tung, tenchak, khirilee. Features 11
          performers, includes recordings made on tour in 1992 as
          well as older recordings from Soviet radio (1973, 1983,
          1986). Superlative liner notes explaining many ideas
          and terms.

     11- Ozum (Sprouts): Young Voices of Ancient Tuva
          Window to Europe CD sum 90 008
         Jodenbreestraat 24, 1011 NK, Amsterdam, Netherlands

          A Dutch-Russian release from Otkun Dostai, Oolak Ondar,
          and Stanislav Iril, three young Tuvan musicians who
          have built on the traditional style. A strong album
          that I really like. Oolak Ondar (b. 1973) was the
          winner at the throat singing symposium (1991, Kyzyl) in
          sygyt style.  Stanislav Iril was  also a symposium
          winner (best kargyraa, 1995).  See
          http://www.cbc.umn.edu/~sklar/kargchamp.mov  Khoomei,
          khomus, acoustic guitar, and shaman drum.
          13 tracks, 42'34.

     12- Mongolian Songs
            King Record Co CD KICC 5133
           2-12-13 Otowa Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112 Japan

          Part of King's World Music Library, this is a Japanese
          import with almost no English in the package. 7
          performers, 19 songs, 54'52. The men's khoomei is very
          good, the women's takes some getting used to.

     13- Mongolian Epic Song (Zhangar)
           King Record Co CD KICC 5136
           2-12-13 Otowa Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112 Japan

          Male vocal with instrumental accompaniment. Short and
          long songs.

     14- Mongolian Morin Khuur Ci Bulag
          King Record Co CD KICC 5135

          Sentimental horse-head fiddle solos.

     15- Morin Khuur Ci Bulag
          JVC World Sounds, VICG-5212

          More Sentimental horse-head fiddle solos.

     16- Mongolie Ensemble Mandukhai
            Playa Sound, PS 65115

          Large variety with some khoomei.

     17- Mongolie Chants Kazakh et tradition epique de l'Ouest
            Ocora - Radio France, C 580051

          25 songs, with tobsuur accompaniment, recorded in
          Mongolia in 1984 and 1990. Twenty songs of Kazakh
          music, some of it actually danceable! Minimal khoomei,
          although the voices do make good use of changing
          timbres. The final five songs are labelled ``epic
          tradition of the West'' and the lyrics are fragments of
          lengthy epic songs.

     18- Huun-Huur-Tu: Sixty Horses In My Herd - Old Songs and Tunes
     of Tuva
           Shanachie Records CD SH 64050 CD/MC
           37 E. Clinton St., Newton NJ 40017

          Master khoomigch Kaigal-ool Khovalyg and his new group,
          which has toured all over the US. 12 tracks of all
          natures of top-notch khoomei, other singing, igil
          (Tuvan viol) playing. Its being studio-produced, which
          although lending a slight inauthenticity, makes for an
          eminently listenable album. Decent liner notes and
          text. [BSG]

     19- Uzlyau: Guttural Singing of the People of the Sayan, Altai,
     and Ural Mountains
            (1993) PAN 2019CD (PAN Records Ethnic Series)

          37 recordings from Russian archives form a catalog of
          all known styles of overtone singing from Tuva (12),
          Altai (2), and Baskhiria (23), collected, produced,
          (partially) recorded, and documented in encyclopaedic,
          scholarly liner notes by Vyacheslav Shchurov. Studio
          and field recordings, featuring master khoomigch
          Oorzhak Khunashtaar-ool in some awesome 1977
          performances recored by Radio Moscow. Some doshpuluur
          and khomus, but almost all vocal. Some absolute
          knockout kargyraa. A must. [BSG]

     20- Tales of Tuva

          Kira Van Deusen recites three Tuvan stories (in
          English) with musical accompaniment by Kongar-ool
          Ondar, Kaigal-ool Khovalyg, and Anatoli Kuular.

     21- Shu-De: Voices from the Distant Steppe
           Realworld/WOMAD Productions (Real World Records Ltd)
            (In US): Carol 2339-2 Caroline Records, Inc 111 West 26th
     St.,
           New York NY 10001

          16 tracks by the Tuvan ensemble Shu-De (M. Mongush, L.
          Oorzhak, N. Shoigu, B. Salchak, O. Kuular), including
          all varieties of khoomei, igil, doshpuluur, & limbi
          (flute) playing, plus a wide variety of styles from
          Buddhist Chant to Tuvan tongue twisters to
          Western-style choral harmony. A shamanic ritual ends
          out the CD. A magnificent kargyraa cut by Leonid
          Oorzhak is a highlight. Eminently listenable. (Spring
          1994). Weak liner notes. [BSG]

     22- Tuvinian Singers & Musicians: Khoomei: Throat-Singing from
     the Center of Asia.
     Distributed in Germany via Zweitausendeins Versand, Postfach,
     D-60381 Frankfurt. Order Number 55838.

          Volume 21 of the World Network series, a coproduction
          from WDR (West-deutscher Rundfunk - a major TV and
          radio station in Germany) and World Network.

          16 tracks (total playing time: 64' 01"), partially
          recorded in Cologne in April 1993 and in Tuva in
          September 1992. Performers include Schaktar Schulban, a
          10 year old boy, the 18 year-olds Ondar Mongun-Ool and
          Bujan Dondak, and the Tuva Ensemble, founded in 1988 by
          Gennadi Tumat, Oleg Kuular, Stas Danmaa and Alexander
          Salchak.

          This CD can be warmly recommended to all lovers of
          Tuvinian music. The music presented is a well performed
          collection of authentic vocal and instrumental pieces.
          Since all pieces are strictly traditional this CD
          cannot be compared to the performance by e.g. Sainkho.
          Track no. 9, performed by the unusually young artist
          Schaktar Schulban, reveals the enormous talent of this
          promising singer.

          The CD is very interesting because next to the overview
          of singing styles the listener is also introduced to a
          representative spectrum of instrumental music. [OC]

     23- Tuvinski Folklore
            Melodiya Stereo 33 C60-14937-42 1981, Out of print.

          This three LP set features a total of 65 tracks, most
          of which are khoomei, and instrumental music. One
          entire disk (both sides) is devoted to two tracks, each
          over 24 minutes long, of byzanchi playing. There are
          also several tracks of story telling, and a few of the
          musical numbers are repeated with variations or in
          slightly different styles.

          The Melodiya record that Feynman had is apparently
          unavailable, although the vaults of recording agencies
          in the former USSR have been opened to interested
          entrepreneurs. Latest reports say that the masters have
          been lost.

     24- Kronos Quartet: Night Prayers
           Elektra Nonesuch CD 2 79346
           Distributed by Warner Music.

          One track on this CD, "Kongerei", features Kaigal-ool
          Khovalyg, Anatoly Kuular, and Kongar-ool Ondar singing
          along to the accompaniment of the Quartet (2 violins, 1
          viola, 1 cello). This new version is interesting in
          it's approach to a traditional Tuvan song with modern
          Western instruments.

     25- Yat-Kha
            General Records GR 90-202 (Moscow), 1993

          Albert Kuvezin (throat-singing and instruments yat-kha,
          byzanchi, organs, khomus, percussion & gongs) and Ivan
          Sokolovski (keyboards, computers, cello, drums &
          percussions, noises). Kuvezin is a founding member of
          the group Huun-Huur-Tu, living in Moscow, who
          specializes in his own style of kargyraa, extremely
          low-pitched singing with artificial subharmonics. In
          this hour of 13 tracks, he exploits this awesome and
          rarely-heard technique, combining it with techno-pop
          backup sounds (and a token amount of traditional
          singing/playing) to produce a thoroughly unique,
          avant-garde offering which has the power to grow on
          you. Deliberately obscure liner notes [BSG].

          Here is some news from Yat-Kha from August of 1995:

          Eki ergim eshter! (Hello dear friends)

          I would like to inform you about some news of the
          Yat-Kha band. We are right now recording a new album at
          the Global Mobile studio in Helsinki under the roof
          (and rules) of Anu Laakkonen. The album presents our
          new style: "Yenisei kargyrapunk". The participating
          musicians in this projects are: Alexei/vocal, tungur,
          igil; myself/kargyra & guitars; Evgeniy/percussions,
          Kari/sound & drinks; Anu/sauna; Mikko/cooks & drinks;
          Akym/phonecontrol. The CD will be released by Global
          Music Centre soon. Start saving now! We will give the
          account details later. [AK]

     26- Huun-Huur-Tu (with Mergen Mongush): Orphan's Lament
           Shanachie Records 64058

          A work of well-produced art, contemporary offerings in
          traditional Tuvan styles, not an ethnomusicological
          assay. Its 16 pieces in styles varying from unison
          Kargyraa chants to political songs to khomus ("Jews'
          harp") solos provide a tour-de-force of Tuvan styles
          designed for listening pleasure and wonderment. Master
          khoomigch Kaigal-ool Khovalyg's deeply touching igil
          (Tuvan viol) playing is (as on "60 Horses") a real
          highlight of the album. His frequent vocal solos in all

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