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;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Airfare FAQ, Part 3 ********************************************
;;; ****************************************************************
;;; Written by Mark Kantrowitz
This post is a summary of useful information for air travelers. The
focus is on obtaining inexpensive air fares, although other topics are
also covered. It was previously posted under the title "FAQ: How to
Get Cheap Airtickets".
Please mail comments, corrections, additions, suggestions, criticisms
and other information to mkant@cs.cmu.edu.
*** Copyright:
Copyright (c) 1989-94 by Mark Kantrowitz. All rights reserved.
This FAQ may be freely redistributed in its entirety without
modification provided that this copyright notice is not removed. It
may not be sold for profit or incorporated in commercial documents
(e.g., published for sale on CD-ROM, floppy disks, books, magazines,
or other print form) without the prior written permission of the
copyright holder. Permission is expressly granted for this document
to be made available for file transfer from installations offering
unrestricted anonymous file transfer on the Internet.
This article is provided AS IS without any express or implied warranty.
*** Topics Covered:
Part 3 (Safety & Comfort, Frequent Flyers):
Travel Safety, Comfort, and Convenience:
[3-1] Travel Advisories/Health Information
[3-2] Travel Safety
[3-3] Air Quality
[3-4] Smoke-Free Flights
[3-4a] Air Pressure Problems (Colds)
[3-5] Special Meals
[3-6] Jetlag
[3-7] Pregnant Passengers
[3-8] Tips for Families Flying with Children
[3-9] Tips for Business Travelers
[3-9b] Best Seats
[3-10] Exchanging Currency
Frequent Flyers:
[3-11] Frequent Flyer Programs
[3-12] Premier FF Membership
[3-13] Hotel Frequent Flyer Plans
[3-14] Credit Card Voucher Offers
[3-15] Telephone Companies
[3-16] Discount Coupon Offers
Search for [#] to get to question number # quickly.
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Subject: [3-1] Travel Advisories/Health Information
Travel advisories are issued by the US State Department, and include
Travel Warnings and Consular Information Sheets for every country.
These contain basic information every US citizen should know before
traveling to a foreign country.
Travel Warnings contain advisories about recent dangerous
circumstances affecting travelers to particular countries, such as
political and social unrest.
Consular information sheets list the location of the US embassy or
consulate. They also include unusual immigration practices, health
conditions, minor political disturbances, unusual currency and entry
regulations, crime and security information, and drug penalties.
For more information or personal help, call
Citizens Emergency Center: 202-647-5225
Citizens Consular Services: 202-647-3444
Passport Services: 202-647-0518
Visa Services: 202-663-1225
US State Department: 202-647-4000/5225
They can help with citizenship matters, property and legal problems,
questions of how to pay taxes and vote, and provide advice on similar
issues while you are abroad. The State Department desk officers for
particular countries will sometimes be more candid than the published
travel warnings.
Advisories and related files may also be obtained by anonymous ftp
from
ftp.stolaf.edu:/pub/travel-advisories/advisories
or retrieved by ftpbymail@stolaf.edu. You can also get updates by mail
by joining the travel-advisories list. To subscribe, send an email
message to travel-advisories-request@stolaf.edu with
subscribe
in the message body. [This service is provided by Craig D. Rice
, fax 507-646-3549.]
You can also call the US Department of Transportation's Free Travel
Advisory number at 800-221-0673.
For international health information (vaccines, etc.), call the
Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, at 404-332-4559. They
also have a fax-back service at 404-639-3311.
You should also read a tour book on your destination, to familiarize
yourself with any notable local laws, currency regulations, and other
restrictions. Activities you may take for granted at home (e.g.,
littering and spitting) may be illegal in the country you're visiting.
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Subject: [3-2] Travel Safety
Travel by commercial airplane is among the safest ways to travel. But
there are still some risks. To improve your chances of surviving in
the event of a crash:
- Sit near the wings, as the airplane is reinforced there to
support the wings.
- Wear natural-fiber clothes. Synthetics can melt or ignite,
producing smoke and toxic fumes and causing burns.
- Wear comfortable shoes or sneakers, without high heels. High
heels can snag on the escape slide.
- Bring your own infant safety seat. Use one which has been
approved for use in motor vehicles AND aircraft. Don't use one
which was made before February 26, 1985.
- In the event of a crash, do not carry any bags or other items
with you. They can cause you to tumble on the slide, leading to
broken bones or more serious injuries.
There are two things you should do every time you board a plane, since
they vary from aircraft to aircraft:
- Count the number of seats from you to the nearest exits, both in
front of you and behind you. This will let you find the exits
even if you've been blinded or the smoke is so thick you can't
see the way out.
- Locate your personal flotation device. It may be your seat
cushion, or it may be an inflatable life vest in a plastic bag stored
beneath your seat. Sometimes a life vest is stored in or under your
armrest, especially in business or first class. If you personal
flotation device is missing or damaged, bring this to the
attention of the flight attendant before takeoff.
If you do this, you'll save yourself precious seconds in the event of
a real emergency. Those seconds can mean the difference between life
and death.
Fatal accidents involving plane crashes are extremely rare. The
chances of your being on such a crash is less than one in a million,
according to figures from the National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB).
During the past ten years there have been usually only one or two fatal
crashes a year, involving no more than 300 deaths. In contrast, in a
typical year there are more than 40,000 fatal automobile accidents in
the US. Of course, these numbers aren't really comparable. A more
accurate comparison would involve the fatal accident rates
per passenger mile and per passenger trip. But even so, air
transportation is definitely safer than ground transportation.
Other safety issues:
+ Notify the flight attendant of any relevant medical conditions,
disabilities, and/or medications. Medication should be
transported in the original bottle. Carry a card listing any
serious health conditions, the required medication and dosages, and
your doctor's home and work telephone numbers. Include a list of
allergies and your blood type.
+ If traveling by car in a foreign country and you are involved in
a minor accident, do not leave your car. Instead, go to a
well-lit area, such as a shopping mall (or better yet, a police
station) and call the police. A common scam is for
criminals to follow foreigners from the airport, bump their
cars in a remote location, and then rob them.
+ If you need directions, ask at the airport information desk, a
hotel, gas station, bank, or restaurant. Don't ask a stranger on
the street. Even if you're lost act as if you know where you're
going and continue walking.
+ Walk only in well-lit areas and avoid slums.
+ Don't make it obvious that you're a foreigner. When in Rome, do
as Romans do. Keep a low profile and try to blend in as much as
possible. Dress as they dress and carry your camera
inconspicuously. Avoid clothing and jewelry that identifies you
as a traveler. Don't engage in loud and boisterous behavior
that draws attention. Women should be especially careful to
dress apropriately, as clothing restrictions are more stringent
for women in many foreign countries. Don't wear provocative clothing.
+ Carry important documents and valuables in a money belt or neck
pouch. Store unneeded valuables in the hotel safe and not in
your room.
+ In Europe, the groups of small children who crowd around you
outside airports, hotels, and similar establishments are often
pickpockets. Avoid crowds and unexpected situations.
+ Do not leave valuables unattended on the plane.
+ If you are having trouble managing your bags, get a baggage
cart. A common ploy is for a scam artist to bump into you,
sending your bags flying. While this individual is helping you
gather your bags (and distracting your attention), a confederate
is walking away with one of your bags. Stay alert. It is best to
travel light, with a single piece of luggage.
+ Keep a list of your credit card numbers at home in a safe place,
in case your cards are lost or stolen during your trip. You may
want to bring a list of the bank phone numbers with you.
+ Let your family and friends know your itinerary, in case of
emergency. They should also know how to get a copy of your
medical and dental records, and your will, if necessary.
+ If carrying a purse, carry it in front of your, close to your
body, and run the strap over your head (across your neck). The
flap of the purse should be toward your body. Don't
let the bag dangle off of your shoulder or elbow, as it is
easier to snatch.
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Subject: [3-3] Air Quality
Newer airplanes recirculate part of the cabin air (up to 50%) to save
fuel, in contrast with older planes, which use all fresh air
ventilation. There have been reports of passengers and (more
frequently) flight attendants complaining about headaches caused by
"stale air".
There have been two recent studies of cabin air quality that measured
carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Although CO2 is nontoxic at ten times
ordinary levels, high CO2 levels are a sign of insufficient fresh air.
The normal CO2 level in outdoor air is 300 parts per million (0.03%).
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers has set a "comfort threshold" of 1,000 ppm, above which a
building is considered to suffer from stale air.
1. Consumer Reports tested 158 flights on 20 airlines covering 44
different kinds of planes (July 1994). They found that 25% of
flights had stale air at some point in the flight, with 13%
maintaining inadequate fresh air levels throughout the flight.
Boeing 757 planes were among the worst -- as high as 5 times
higher than normal outdoor air -- while newer Boeing 747-400
planes had the freshest air. All planes use HEPA (High Efficiency
Particle Air) filters to remove dust, bacteria, and viruses,
but the Boeing 747-400 and Boeing 777 planes use higher
efficiency HEPA filters. See "Breathing on a jet plane",
Consumer Reports, August 1994, pages 501-506, for details.
2. Consolidated Safety Services of Virginia conducted a spot check
of cabin air quality on 35 flights without notifying the
airlines or crew (May 1994). Tests were conducted on Boeing 757
and 727 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and MD-80 aircraft. This
study found an average CO2 level of 1162 ppm. Note that this
study was sponsored by the Air Transport Association (ATA),
which represents the airline industry.
Nevertheless, the most likely cause of the often-reported symptoms
is dry air, not a lack of fresh air (though stale air can contribute
to the problem). Cabin air on both newer and older planes has very
low humidity levels (15-20% relative humidity), due to very dry air
being brought in from outside at high altitude. (The air outside the
plane is very cold, and thus has a very low absolute humidity, which
translates into a very low humidity level when warmed.)
So if you suffer from sore throats, dry eyes, headaches, allergies,
itchy nose, or general fatigue when you fly, it might be due to dry
air. To alleviate these symptoms, try the following:
+ If you wear contact lenses, take them out for the flight,
especially if it is longer than an hour or two in duration.
+ Drink lots of liquids, but avoid alcohol and caffeine, which
tend to dehydrate you. Drink before and during the flight.
Drinking water is good. Drinking a balanced electrolyte
solution, such as gatorade/powerade, is better, as the
carbohydrates in them let your body absorb them faster than water.
+ If you suffer from dry skin, bring along a water sprayer and
spray yourself on the mist setting. Hand lotion can also help.
Some people feel that spraying water on your face or skin can
make your skin even drier, if not chapped. Ask your
dermatologist for advice.
+ Don't take a decongestant before the flight, since this dries
out your nose.
+ If the air smells bad or feels stuffy -- a sign of stale air --
complain to the flight attendant. On some planes pilots can
control the mix of fresh and recycled air. (The pilots aren't
affected by the stale air problem, because the cockpit has a
separate ventillation system, as mandated by FAA regulations.)
Likewise, if you suffer from asthma, chronic bronchitis, empysema,
severe allergies, or impaired immunity, consult your doctor for his or
her advice.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [3-4] Smoke-Free Flights
The December 1992 EPA report on the health effects of environmental
tobacco smoke (so-called "second-hand smoke"), underscoring the
independent assessments in 1986 by the US Surgeon General and the
National Research Council, concluded that environmental tobacco smoke
is a carcinogen with significant health risks for non-smokers. The
lung cancer risks to non-smokers from environmental tobacco smoke are
ten times greater than the cancer risks which would normally elicit a
reaction from the EPA. It is therefore unthinkable that any airline
would continue to condone smoking on any of its flights, and any
airline that permits smoking is opening itself up to future lawsuits
from non-smoking passengers and crew.
Most domestic flights in the US are smoke-free, due to FAA regulations
that restrict smoking on short flights (under 6 hours), including
virtually all flights in the continental US. (Many flights to Hawaii
are also smoke free, even though they last longer than 6 hours.) No US
carrier operates completely smoke-free trans-oceanic service, with the
exception of "experiments" (e.g., United on some SFO-SYD and JFK-LHR
flights). As more passengers complain about smoking to the airlines,
more flights will become smoke-free, especially new flights.
Under US law, you are entitled to a non-smoking seat on a US carrier,
even if it means shrinking the smoking section, provided you checked
in on time.
FAA rules prohibit smokers from smoking while standing. On flights
that permit smoking, the smokers must be seated in the smoking
section. Standing in the aisles while smoking is prohibited. This rule
applies to all US carriers and to all commercial flights within the USA.
Delta announced on August 24, 1994 that it will ban smoking on all 256
of its weekly trans-Atlantic flights starting January 1, 1995. A
survey of Delta's trans-Atlantic passengers found that the airline
would risk losing up to 7% of them due to the ban. The airline expects
to more than make up the difference through new passengers attracted
to the airline because of the smoke-free policy. The new policy will
also apply to Delta flights within Europe and flights from JFK to
Mexico. Delta decided on November 14 to extend the ban to
trans-Pacific flights, making the carrier completely smoke-free.
Smoking also will not be allowed in Delta's airport clubs. Delta code-share
flights on other airlines may, however, continue to permit smoking.
Thus Delta is the only US airline to be smoke-free on all its domestic
and international routes.
Northwest Airlines has banned smoking in all US domestic flights since
1988, and in first-class cabins worldwide since January 1994.
Northwest will ban smoking on its non-stop flights from Seattle to
Hong Kong starting November 1994.
American Airlines has banned smoking on some, but not all flights from
New York and Chicago to London, as of October 1, 1994.
When United announced that international flights to London (from New
York) and the South Pacific (LA-Auckland) will be smoke-free, they got
such favorable response that they're now testing smoke-free service on
some, but not all, of the flights between London and San Francisco,
Los Angeles, and Washington (Dulles). As of October 30, 1994, United
flights from San Francisco to Sydney and Hong Kong are also smoke
free.
Note that code-share flights operated by another airline may permit
smoking even when they carry a flight number of a smoke-free airline.
Air Canada, Air New Zealand, Canadian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, and China
Airlines all participate in code-shares with smoking carriers on some
routes.
The smoke status of other international carriers is as follows:
Air Canada: Flights between Canada and the USA and Europe
are all non-smoking.
Air France: Non-smoking because of a change in French law.
Air New Zealand: All flights to the USA and within New Zealand.
All flights to/from Australia and most flights
within the South Pacific.
Smoking is permitted on pool flights operated
by Qantas, of which there are many.
Asiana: OZ is smoke-free on all its worldwide routes.
OZ flies between SEL and HNL, JFK, SFO, and
LAX, with onward connections from SEL to
Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. OZ now has
the only direct smoke-free flights to Asia
from New York and Honolulu, and offers the
best option for smoke-free travel from
anywhere in the U.S. to Japan (same-airport
connections in SEL are much simpler than
airport changes in Tokyo or Osaka for flights
to other japanese cities) and China. OZ may
raise prices as it gets better known, but for
now the service is great value for the price.
British Airways: Riding the fence; no firm policies as yet.
There is a completely non-smoking SFO-LHR nonstop.
Complete smoking ban on all flights to
Australia and New Zealand.
Many European flights are non-smoking (71%
of domestic flights, 22% of international flights).
No smoking on flights within Europe of
duration less than 1.5 hours.
Canadian Airlines It'l: All flights to Euope, TPE, HKG, and BKK, and
pool flights YVR-HNL-AKL operated by either
Canadian Airlines International or Air New
Zealand. Smoking is permitted on the YVR-FRA
flight, and pressure from Japan forced smoking
on flights to Japan (TYO and NGO). (The US
seems to export lawyers and tobacco to Japan. :-)
Cathay Pacific: Daily nonstop LAX-HKG is smoke-free as is all
flights within Asia, and to Australia and New
Zealand. New non-smoking flights between FRA
and HKG. Smoking is allowed on flights to
Europe, the Mideast, and Africa.
Cathay Pacific has announced its intention to
become a totally smoke-free airline, on all
its routes worldwide, by the end of 1995.
China Airlines: SFO-TPE and all flights within Asia. Three weekly
smoke-free nonstop flights LAX-TPE; smoking is
permited on the daily afternoon departure from
LAX to TPE, as well as all flights to HNL,
NYC, and ANC. They also permit smoking on
flights to Europe and Africa. Most inter-Asia
and many trans-Pacific flights are smoke-free.
Most CRS don't indicate which China Airlines
flights are smoke-free, so call the airline to
check specific flights. Domestic flights
within China (CAAC) are smoke-free.
Qantas: Riding the fence; no firm policies as yet.
Smoking is banned on some flights to the South Pacific.
Singapore Airlines: All SQ flights from SFO and LAX (SFO-HKG-SIN,
LAX-TPE-SIN, and LAX-NRT-SIN) are smoke-free
since 1-JUL-94. All flights to Europe and
North America will be smoke-free as of 30-OCT-94.
Only flights originating or terminating in Japan
will permit smoking.
(Singapore has banned tobacco advertisements
since 1970 and does not sell duty-free cigarettes
in the airport. Smoking is prohibited in all
public buildings and government offices,
buses, subways, and taxis.)
Virgin Atlantic: All flights worldwide except flights to Tokyo
will be smoke-free as of May 1, 1995.
KLM-Royal Dutch Airlines, Lufthansa, and Scandinavian Airlines Systems
(SAS) have reinstated smoking sections on some international flights
after trial bans. The stated reasons were economic.
The US House of Representatives Public Works and Transportation
aviation subcommittee voted on 31-AUG-94 to ban smoking on all
international flights that begin or end in the US. Only the US leg of a
multipart flight would be affected. All airlines would be affected,
including foreign airlines. Airline flight attendants who work
international routes are strongly supporting the measure. The bill
passed the full House on 5-OCT-94, and is now under consideration by
the Senate.
The International Civil Aviation Organization has urged all carriers
to ban smoking by July 1, 1996. Toward that goal, the Unites States,
Canada, and Australia signed an agreement on 1-NOV-94 banning smoking
on all commercial flights between their countries. Only applies to
flights operated by US, Canadian, and Australian airlines, and takes
effect in 120 days.
The New York Times reported on 13-DEC-94 that a Miami judge has ruled
that airline flight attendants can sue tobacco companies for
smoking-related problems caused by environmental tobacco smoke. This
is the first class-action suit concerned with second-hand smoke. The
suit is seeking over $1 billion in damages on behalf of the up to
60,000 current and former flight attendants affected by environmental
tobacco smoke.
If you have a condition which is affected by smoke, such as asthma,
allergy to tobacco smoke, etc., be sure to mention this to a flight
attendant, especially if you wind up "by accident" in the smoking section.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [3-4a] Air Pressure Problems (Colds)
If you have a cold, traveling by air can be painful due to the fast
pressure changes. The following are some suggestions for dealing with
the pain:
+ Swallowing a lot during takeoff and landing (the times of the greatest
pressure changes) can sometimes help. Some folks recommend
chewing gum.
+ Drink lots of fluids (water, not caffeine or alcohol) to help
prevent dehydration from the dry cabin air. Dehydration can
make your cold feel much worse.
+ Ask the flight attendant for two hot moist towels (e.g., the
kind they usually give to first class passengers to freshen up)
and two styrofoam cups. Put the towels in the cups, and
hold one cup over each ear. You may look funny, but the warm
moist air will dramatically decrease the pain very quickly.
+ You can help equalize ear pressures by pinching your nose and
blowing softly. Blow GENTLY, by a series of light puffs. Do this BEFORE
your ears start to hurt. Do not hold your nose while sneezing,
or you may damage your ears.
+ Talk to your doctor. There are drugs that he or she may be able
to prescribe (e.g., Seldane). Some people report that taking
Sudafed or other decongestants helps. A sinus spray may also help.
The FAA advises pilots to avoid flying when they have colds, due to
the difficulty of equalizing ear pressures.
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Subject: [3-5] Special Meals
Most of the major airlines will provide alternate meals on
meal-flights upon request, if the request is made 24 hours in advance.
(The airlines provide each flight's meal inventory to the inflight
caterers 24 hours before the flight. Although the caterer can and do
adjust the balance of meals up to two hours before flight time, the
likelihood of their having your special meal on hand without advance
notice is extremely low.)
Special meals include: Kosher, Muslim, Hindu, vegetarian (dairy,
non-dairy), children, low-fat, low-salt, low-cholesterol, low-calorie,
low-carbohydrate, diabetic, fruit, low-gluten, sulfite-free, seafood
(cold, hot), soft, and bland. Simply ask for the meal when you make
your reservation; there is no extra charge.
Things to watch out for:
o The Hindu meal is just a non-beef meal. If you are interested in
Indian vegetarian meals, make sure you say "Hindu Vegetarian meal"
when ordering.
o Low-cholesterol may not be the same as low-fat. The low-cholesterol
meal will still include some fat. Sometimes the vegetarian meal
has less fat than the low-fat meal. Some airlines treat
low-cholesterol and low-fat as synonyms.
o Your definition of low-fat is probably not the same as the
airlines. For example, you might get chicken and margarine
instead of beef and butter. Chicken is lower in fat than beef,
but...
o Vegetarian means different things to different people. Be sure
to say whether you mean vegan or ovo-lacto, and be prepared to
explain the difference to the travel agent. Some caterers think
that a vegetarian meal means a meat meal with the meat removed.
So be prepared for disappointments. When traveling overseas, the
words carry yet a third interpretation, with vegetarian meaning
vegetables, and nothing else. You may wind up with better luck
asking for a fruit platter, which are usually very good on most
airlines.
o Low-gluten meals may include items that are not low-gluten.
The Kosher meals are glatt and double-sealed. Wilton Caterers is the
largest supplier of these meals, although there are a number of
smaller companies as well.
If you will be having a special meal, be sure to let the flight
attendant know as you enter the plane. Airlines sometime forget to
load the meal (especially kosher), and if you let the flight attendant
know, they can sometimes catch this. (And feel very guilty if they don't.)
If the airline forgets to load your special meal, ask for a meal
voucher. Even if you can't eat in the airport restaurants, you can buy
nuts, candy or fruit at the gift shops and the airline will reimburse
you within reason (e.g., $3-$5).
When in doubt, bring your own food. Airplane food tends to be bland
for travelers who don't like spices, so your own food will almost
always taste better anyway. Airline food is also prepared about 8
hours in advance of the flight, so your own food will be fresher as well.
Coordinating and scheduling menus is a nearly impossible task, so even
on good days you have a fair chance of being served the same meal twice.
If you have dietary restrictions, it is best to bring your own food,
in case the airline doesn't load your meal, or you get hungry before
the meals are served.
Southwest is a "no frills" airline, so don't even bother. The most
you'll get from them is peanuts, pretzels, trail mix, or other light
snacks. You won't get a full meal from them. But what do you want for
some of the cheapest fares in the industry?
If you need a non-carbonated non-alcoholic beverage, most airlines
include apple juice, orange juice, and tomato juice on their beverage
service carts. Tomato juice actually tastes very good, so you might
want to try it on your next flight.
The trend these days is for airlines to not serve meals on short
flights to save money. Continental Airlines doesn't serve meals on
US domestic flights of 2.5 hours or less. Southwest Airlines has never
served meals on its flights. Most airlines that discontinue meal
service on short flights, however, continue to serve beverages and
light snacks (roasted peanuts, almonds, and pretzels, depending on the
airline). Even though the meal itself only costs a few dollars, when
you add in the cost of galley space, storage, preparation, cleanup,
and staffing, it can be as high as $20 a flight. Other airlines, like
Midway and Continental, offer ``No-Peanuts Fares'' on certain flights.
These are usually no-frills, short-haul flights. Some peanuts fares
still serve complimentary beverages.
The three largest inflight catering services are Dobbs International,
Caterair International, and Sky Chefs.
Many frequent travelers report that the special meals actually taste
better and are often 'lighter' than the regular meals.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: [3-6] Jetlag
Jetlag is a phenomenon where one feels tired, fuzzy, and generally
fatigued, sometimes accompanied by dull headaches, due to a time zone
change.
To reset your clock, there are several things you can do:
o Stay up 24+ hours and go to sleep at the normal time
for your destination.
o Do not take a nap at your destination until it is the normal
time to go to sleep.
o When you wake up in the morning at your destination, go for a half hour
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